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Often used for men with blockages (like a prior vasectomy), this involves extracting sperm directly from the epididymis using a small needle.
A more advanced version where a surgeon uses an operating microscope to identify and extract only the most promising tubules, minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue. Summary of the "Danny" Film Sperm Retrieval Procedures - Johns Hopkins Medicine
A surgical procedure involving a small incision in the scrotum to remove a piece of testicular tissue, which is then processed in a lab to find viable sperm.
